Dielectric materials development using bio-waste: a review

Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology

Table 2 Characteristics and applications of agricultural waste materials

Agricultural waste	Material	Carbon composition (%)	Dielectric constant	Estimation cost ($)	Application
Rice straw [36]	1. Rice straw	38.24	3.231	8.18	Cosmetic
	2. Epoxy Der 331				Medicine
	3. Polyamine clear hardener				Building material
					Insulation board
					Fine chemical
					Biopolymer
Oil palm empty fruit bunch [88]	1. Empty fruit bunch	46.83	3.455	31.2	Microwave absorber
	2. Palm oil
	3. Diphenylmethane-4,4’-diisocyanate (p-MDI)
	4. Distilled water
Sugarcane bagasse [36]	1. Sugarcane bagasse	17.89	2.791	8.18	Microwave absorber
	2. Epoxy Der 331				Pulp
	3. Polyamine clear hardener				Building boards
Coconut shell [43]	1. Coconut shell	53.88	3.769	33.56	Concrete
	2. Coconut shell activated carbon				Absorbent
	3. Epoxy resin
Corn husk [45]	1. Corn husk	54.99	3.9	47.01	Glass
	2. Charcoal powder				Porcelain
	3. Polyester resin				Resin
	4. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP)				Paper
	5. Cobalt				Films
					Microwave absorber
Rice husk [36]	1. Rice husk	35.77	2.982	8.18	Microwave absorber
	2. Epoxy Der 331				Circuit board
	3. Polyamine clear hardener				Microelectronic
					Electronic device
Eggshell [86]	1. Chicken eggshells	NA	4.62	8.02	Porcelain
	2. Rice husk
	3. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Banana leaves [85]	1. Dried banana leaves	43.5	2.109	27.51	Microwave absorber
	2. Polyester resin
	3. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP)
	4. Cobalt