Table 1 The elemental percentage for agricultural waste
From: Dielectric materials development using bio-waste: a review
Elements | Percentage of elements | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice husk [36] | Rice straw [38] | Oil palm empty fruit bunch [39] | Sugarcane bagasse [41] | Coconut shell [42] | Corn husk [44] | |
Carbon | 35.77 | 38.24 | 46.83 | 17.89 | 53.88 | 54.99 |
Hydrogen | 5.06 | 5.2 | 6.27 | 5.7 | 6.56 | – |
Nitrogen | 0.32 | 0.87 | 0.66 | 0.20 | 0.97 | – |
Sulfur | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.23 | 2.3 | 0.03 | – |
Oxygen | 36.59 | 36.26 | 45.99 | 47.7 | 38.56 | 24.79 |
Silica | 22.24 | 13.0 | 25 | 2.67 | 0.98 | 0.56 |
Aluminum | – | – | – | 1.47 | – | 0.88 |
Phosphorus | – | 0.27 | – | 0.75 | – | 1.11 |
Potassium | – | 2.0 | – | 0.04 | – | 3.11 |
Calcium | – | – | – | 0.58 | – | 3.28 |
Iron | – | – | – | 0.4 | – | 0.94 |
Ash | 20.0 | 18.67 | 6.69 | 1.42 | 0.56 | 2.93 |
Dielectric constant | 2.985 [37] | 3.231 [36] | 3.455 [40] | 2.791 [36] | 3.769 [43] | 3.900 [45] |