A narrative perspective of island detection methods under the lens of cyber-attack in data-driven smart grid

Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology

Table 3 Summary of various active island detection technique

Technique	Advantage	Drawback	Speed	DG network type	DG system	Detection time	References
SFS	Low NDZ	Power quality degradation	Fast	Radial	VSC (voltage source converters)	0.9–0.10 s	[42, 66, 67]
High frequency signal injection	Low NDZ	Power quality degradation	Very fast	Radial	VSC	60 µs	[71]
SVS	Low NDZ	Power quality degradation	Fast	Small-scale radial	Inverter-based	0.2–0.231 s	[37, 68, 69]
SMFS	Low NDZ	Power quality degradation	Fast	Radial	VSC	0.2–0.37 s	[63, 64]
AFDPF	Very low NDZ	High cost, power quality degradation	Fast	Radial	Inverter based	928 µs	[70]