A narrative perspective of island detection methods under the lens of cyber-attack in data-driven smart grid

Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology

Table 2 Summary of various passive island detection technique

Technique	Advantage	Drawback	Speed	DG network type	DG system	Detection time	References
ROCOP	Short detection time	Very high NDZ	Faster than OV/UV and OF/UF	Radial	NA	26 µs	[44]
ROCOF	Short detection time, able to differentiate between islanding and non-islanding scenario effectively	Very high NDZ	Faster than OF/UF	Radial	Synchronous	0.5–0.7 µs	[45,46,47]
Phase Jump Detection	Short detection time	High NDZ	Low	Radial	Inverter-based	0.1 s	[48]
Rate of Change of Frequency over Power	Detect island quickly and can differentiate between islanding and non-islanding scenario accurately	Moderate NDZ	Faster than OV/UV and OF/UF	Small-scale radial	Synchronous	0.2–0.3 s	[50, 51]
Rate of change in voltage and change in power factor	Low NDZ	High cost	Fast	Radial	Two synchronous distributed generation	0.5 s	[52]
Change in impedance	Detect island quickly	High NDZ	Faster than ROCOF	Small-scale radial	Synchronous	0.5 s	[53]
Over/under voltage, over/under frequency	Moderate NDZ	High NDZ	low	Radial	Synchronous	0.2–0.4 s	[49, 54, 55]