Table 1 Review of papers on power management systems for renewable energy

[3]

Photovoltaic Systems in Low-Voltage Networks and Overvoltage Correction with Reactive Power Control

Used an iterative algorithm to solve power flow in radial grids and proposed 3 methods for correcting overvoltage issues

The overvoltage issues were successfully managed by the reactive power control methods on the line

Solar Radiation

Voltage

Power

[4]

Optimised Power System Management Scheme for LSS PV Grid Integration in Malaysia Using Reactive Power Compensation Technique

The results showed that the voltage profile was improved after integrating FACTS devices in the bus system based on the worse case violations (bus 8 and bus 9) of the AC contingency analysis by using PSS/E

Voltage

Reactive power demand

Voltage Profile

[5]

Compensation of Reactive Power in LV Network and Its Impact on Reactive Power Flow through Distribution Grid

A network of PV systems integrated to compensate reactive power using the volt-var regulation Q(U) method was modelled in PSS SINCAL

When the PV source supplies a flow of reactive power, the Q(U) method helps with the compensation by decreasing the needed compensated reactive power, especially for cases of large loading (50%)

Voltage and reactive power set in volt-var function

Voltage

Reactive Power

[6]

Evaluation of Reactive Power Support in Solar PV Prosumer Grid

Operating the grid with solar PV and reactive power support injections implemented using a Python-based optimisation algorithm for optimal placement of capacitors does not create high power loss and overvoltage problems

Load Demand

Active Power

Reactive Power

Node Voltages

Delta, δ Angle

[7]

Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation and Capacitor Banks Using Probabilistic Generation Models with Correlations

The algorithm validates up to a 71.7% reduction in annual losses of active power in the Bandeira feeder and 73.4% in the Recife feeder, with adequate voltage levels

The algorithm developed in MATLAB executes simultaneous optimal allocation of capacitor banks and distributed generators based on PV and wind energy

Wind Speed

Solar Irradiance

Temperature

Number of distributed generators

Voltage

Active Power Losses

[8]

Flexible Reactive Power Management Using PV Inverter Overrating Capabilities and Fixed Capacitor

Specified the compensation equilibrium point via PV smart inverter by minimum O&M and investment costs in the LV grid

There is a reduction of investment and energy losses in a real low-voltage distribution grid

Voltage

Reactive Power

Active Power

Energy Lost

[9]

Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices and Power Flow Solutions for a Power Network System Integrated with Stochastic Renewable Energy Resources using New Metaheuristic Optimization Techniques

Introduced four new optimisation algorithms in MATLAB for solving both single- and multi-optimal power flow objective problems for a network topology by determining the optimal sizes and locations of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices in the IEEE-30 bus system

The Artificial Ecosystem-based Optimisation Algorithm obtained 0.0844 p.u. in the case of minimising the voltage deviation compared to 0.1155 p.u. for Particle Swarm Optimisation, which means that the voltage deviation was improved by 27% in this test example

Type of meta-heuristic algorithm

Voltage Deviation

Power Loss

Cost

This Paper

Power Management Scheme Development for Large-Scale Solar Grid Integration

With the optimal capacitor placement method, the voltage profile for all buses was improved to be within the Grid Code Requirements in approximation which were 0.94 p.u. to 1.01 p.u. The average voltage profile for all buses of the 9 bus showed an increase of 13.3% as taken from 7 am to 12 pm

The volt-var regulation improved the average voltage fluctuations in the IEEE-9 bus from 2.71% to 0.81%

Optimised reactive power demand

Controller settings (volt-var function) of the PV inverter

Voltage Profile

Reactive Power

Voltage Deviation