Table 2 Assessment of isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters

Fly back Fig. 8a

\(\frac{ND}{{1 - D}}\)

0

2

2

Basic isolated topology and discontinuity of I_in

Uninterrupted power supply

Cuk Fig. 8b

\(\frac{ND}{{1 - D}}\)

2

4

2

Continuous Iin/Io

Eliminated ripples of Iin/Io by coupled inductor

Low-power application and photovoltaic systems

Push–pull Fig. 8c

\(ND\)

1

1

4

Continuous output current and number of winding more than two

Medium-power (2φφ)–high-power application (3φφ)

Forward Fig. 8d

\(ND\)

1

1

3

Continuous Io, limited duty cycle, low-power-level application

Low- and medium-power application

DAB Fig. 8e

Dynamic with control scheme

0(V-fed)

2

8

The most popular isolated bidirectional topology and suitable for high-power applications

High-power applications and automotive systems

Dual half-bridge Fig. 8f

Dynamic with control scheme

0(V-fed)

6

4

Less no. of switches and suitable for low-power applications than DAB

Battery management, automotive and fuel sell systems

Multiport DAB Fig. 8g

Dynamic with control scheme

0(V-fed)

4

6

Suitable for UPS systems, for integrating two-switch buck–boost converter

UPS systems, electric vehicles

Multiport- DAB Fig. 8h

Dynamic with control scheme

0(V-fed)

n = 6

4n = 12

Many inputs inclusions and decoupled power flow

Multi-sustainable sources and generation systems