Butterfly optimizer-assisted optimal integration of REDG units in hybrid AC/DC distribution micro-grids based on minimum operational area

Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology

Table 7 Comparison of energy flow in 69-bus AC/DC hybrid distribution micro-grid under standalone mode of REDG

Zone (grid type)	Zone 1 (AC grid)		Zone 2 (DC grid)		Zone 3 (DC grid)		Zone 4 (DC grid)
Method	HNMCS	BOA	HNMCS	BOA	HNMCS	BOA	HNMCS	BOA
Total load (kWh)	25,848.96	25,848.96	21,998.4	21,998.4	41,202	41,202	2196	2196
REDG energy generated (kWh)	–		24,850.8	11,392	39,769.68	39,408	6852.24	10,824
Excess energy to AC grid (kWh)	–		2592.48	–	–	–	4655.52	8601
Substation energy (kWh)	20,693.04	17,227.32	–		1452.96		–
Minimum voltage @ bus (p.u)	0.9942 @50	0.9943 @50	0.9996 @52	0.9969 @68	0.9970 @53	1.0000 @53	0.9992 @35	0.9992 @35
Maximum voltage @ bus (p.u)	1.0000 @1	1.0000 @1, 36	1.0169 @15	1.0009 @17	1.0000 @61	1.0005 @62	1.0000 @28	1.0000 @28
Energy loss (kWh)	341.04	112
Loss reduction %	90.15	97.55
Coal consumption (ton)	15.5	12.07
CO₂ emission (ton)	13.2	10.21
Energy-saving from substation	76.61%	80.54%